MS-95 Research Methodology for Management Decision

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ASSIGNMENT

Course Code: MS-95

Course Title: Research Methodology for Management Decision

1. Discuss the significance and importance of the elements that make up the complete research problem.

Answer: Elements of complete research report :

It's also important for the writer / researcher to pay attention to the essential components of a research paper. While there are no templates for writing it, there are standard components of which one may do well to have a good understanding.

Title: The title page, with the alignment of the actual title of the paper typically centered.

Table of contents (with page numbers for each section)

2. How would you use a Likert scale to ascertain the image of a leading computer brand among some consumers?

Answer: A “Likert scale” is actually the sum of responses to several Likert items. These items are usually displayed with a visual aid, such as a series of radio buttons or a horizontal bar representing a simple scale.

In a “good” Likert scale, the scale is balanced on both sides of a neutral option, creating a less biased measurement. The actual scale labels, as well as the numeric scale, may vary.

A “Likert Item” is a statement that the respondent is asked to evaluate. In the example below, this item, “The checkout process was easy” is a Likert

3. A group of 11 students selected at random secured the grade points: 1.5, 2.2, 0.9, 1.3, 2.0, 1.6, 1.8, 1.5, 2.0, 1.2 and 1.7 (out of 3). Use the sign test to test the hypothesis that intelligence is a random function (with a median of 1.8) of 5% level of significance.

Answer: Solution: The Null Hypothesis

The intelligence is a random function i.e.

The intelligence is not a random function i.e.

Given, Median = 1.8

4. Write a short note on Regression Analysis, Discriminant Analysis and Factor Analysis.

Answer: Regression analysis

Regression analysis is one of the most extensively utilized method between the analytical models of association employed in business research. Regression analysis tries to analyze the connection between a dependent variable and a group of independent variables (one or more). One example is, in demand analysis, demand is versely linked to price for normal commodities. We can write D = A – BP, where D is, the demand which is the dependent variable, P is the unit price of the commodity, an independent variable. It is an example of a simple linear

b. Discriminant Analysis

Answer: More easily interpreted than an eigenvalue, though, is a direct expression of the proportion of between-group separation that is provided by each discriminant function.  This proportion is computed by dividing the eigenvalue for a given discriminant function by the sum of the eigenvalues for all of the discriminant functions.

In SPSS the loadings are called the Cannonical

c. Factor Analysis

Answer: Factor analysis attempts to identify underlying variables, or factors, that explain the pattern of correlations within a set of observed variables. Factor analysis is often used in data reduction to identify a small number of factors that explain most of the variance that is observed in a much larger number of manifest variables. Factor analysis can also be used to generate hypotheses regarding causal mechanisms or to screen variables for subsequent analysis (for example, to identify collinearity prior to performing a linear regression analysis).

5. Write a brief note on the importance of elements of communications dimensions namely purpose, Audience, Media, Message, Time, Place and cost.

Answer: Communication is a significant part of a manager’s job. In today’s team-oriented workplace, the development of good interpersonal communication skills is an important key to success. To build the competence and commitment of employees, a manager has to communicate effectively. Through effective communication, a manager can mobilize the employees behind an organization’s vision and inspire a conscious and concerted team effort to attain the vision. The pay-off of effective communication is:

• A more professional image

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MS-02 Management of Human Resources

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ASSIGNMENT

Course Code                                      :           MS-02

Course Title                                      :            Management of Human Resources  

Assignment Code                              :           MS - 02/TMA/SEM-II/2013

Coverage                                            :           All Blocks

Note: Attempt all the questions and submit this assignment on or before 31^st October, 2013 to   the coordinator of your study centre.

1. What are the primary objectives, focus, and purpose of Selection Tests and Interview in the whole process of Hiring in organizational set up? Critically examine their usefulness and importance in the short term and long term functioning and culture of the organization. Draw from the experiences you are familiar with. Describe the organisation and the situation you are referring to.

Answer: Objectives of Selection Tests :

·         Enables employers to obtain as much information of the candidates' knowledge, skills and abilities;

·         To acknowledge whether the candidate has suitable personality for the position'

·         to measure maturity and honesty of the candidate.

Purpose of Selection Tests :

Selection tests that help assess a candidate’s ability to perform specific tasks are often called ‘work sample’ tests. These types of tests aim to

2. What are the problems usually encountered in the Performance Appraisal in organisations? How are and whether these problems taken care of at the ground level reality in organisational set up? Critically examine and substantiate your answers with examples you are familiar with. Briefly explain the situation, you are referring to.

Answer: Problems usually encountered in the Performance Appraisal in organisations are:

Problems with Performance Appraisals:

Where Do Managers Go Wrong? Managers go wrong with performance appraisals in so many ways; it’s difficult to identify all of them. Here are four big problems managers and employees experience with performance appraisals.

·         Performance Appraisals Are Annual

Start with the fact that performance appraisals are usually annual. Employees need feedback and goal planning much more frequently than annually. Employees need weekly, even daily, performance feedback to keep them focused on their most

3. Do you agree with the statement that “Training is not fulfilling its proper role in various organizations’ ” ? Briefly describing the roles the Training is expected to play substantiate your answer with suitable examples. Critically examine the expected contribution of training and its status at the ground level in the corporate Sector, referring to credible information sources and findings in Indian context.

Answer: As we know training is provided for improving the skills in the employee or new comer. it helps to increase the working status as well as it helps to provide comfortable environment to the new comer or fresher and helps to increase the satisfaction of the employees in all organizations the entry level people need proper training to know their line of work and the environment of friendly nature and work culture of the organizations. The training for entry

4. How is the function of Reward Management being applied/used/effectively used/ by the organised sector and other organisations in Indian context? Explain with suitable examples, and base your answer on the credible studies and findings available in this regard. Give proper references and details where from you draw your answers.

Answer: The reward system emphasizes a core facet of the employment relationship: It constitutes an economic exchange or relationship. Global forces impact on pay systems.Changes in reward systems mirror changes in work design and organizations, and the emphasis on individual performance.

·         The nature of reward management
There are two types of rewards: Extrinsic and Intrinsic     

·         Pay or reward strategy is a plan and actions pertaining to the mix of direct & indirect pay. 

·         Objectives of reward system are to attract and retain high performing employees, maximize employee performance, and satisfy legal

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MS-05 Management of Machines and Materials

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ASSIGNMENT

Course Code:MS-05

Course Title: Management of Machines and Materials

1.       Explain Product design. How does it influence the Process Design?

Answer: Product Design involves a broad approach to the designing and making of innovative / new products. This subject is aimed at those interested in the way business and industry identifies potential products and successfully designs and manufactures them. It is not for those who intend to design and manufacture an item that already exists. However, you can take an existing product and improve it or develop an entirely new product.

Product Design is aimed at those interested in the way business and industry identifies potential products and successfully designs and

2. Define Job Design. Identify the important factors and their influences in designing the Job.

Answer: Job design

Job designis the process of organizing work as group of tasks, arranging and defining the job process and structure at the workplace depending on the job analysis performed.The job design takes into account the organizational objectives to be achieved along with trying to minimize on–the-job fatigue, stress and human error.

The factors the affect the process of job design are the task characteristics, workflow, ergonomics, work practices, employee abilities and availabilities, social and cultural expectations and feedback. Job design means to decide the contents of a job. It fixes the duties and responsibilities of the job, the methods of doing the job and the relationships between the job holder (manager) and his superiors, subordinates and colleagues.

Job design also gives information about the qualifications required for doing the job and the reward (financial and non-financial benefits) for doing

3. What do you mean by Production Planning & Control (PPC)? Explain the role of aggregate planning in PPC.

Answer: For efficient, effective and economical operation in a manufacturing unit of an organization, it is essential to integrate the production planning and control system. Production planning and subsequent production control follow adaption of product design and finalization of a production process.

Production planning and control address a fundamental problem of low productivity, inventory management and resource utilization.

Production planning is required for scheduling, dispatch, inspection, quality management, inventory management, supply management and

Q.4 . What is value Engineering and Analysis?  Explain how to organize value engineering function in shoe manufacturing organization.

Answer: Value Analysis/Value Engineering is a systematic and organized procedural decision-making process. It has been used in almost any kind of application. It helps people creatively generate alternatives to secure essential functions at the greatest worth as opposed to costs. This is referred to as value. It is also known as Value Analysis, Value Management, Value Planning, and a host of other names.

Value Engineering is a systematic method to improve the "Value" of goods and services by using an examination of function. Value, as defined, is

Q.5 Explain with the help of block diagram the purchasing decision making process in an engineering organization. Briefly discuss the process of vendor rating.

Answer:  Organization buying is the decision-making process by which formal organizations establish the need for purchased products and services and identify, evaluate, and choose among alternative brands and suppliers.

Organization buying is the decision-making process by which formal organizations establish the need for purchased products and services and identify, evaluate, and choose among alternative brands and suppliers. (Webster and Wind)

Some of the characteristics of organizational buyers

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MS-06 Marketing for Managers

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ASSIGNMENT

Course Code: MS-06

Course Title: Marketing for Managers

1. (A) “Marketing in the performance of business activities that directs the flow of goods and services from the produces to consumers”. Discuss the above statement by taking two suitable examples of your choice.”

Answer: Marketing is the performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer or user.” The above definitions are based on the economic approach of marketing. Marketing embraces all the business activities involved in getting goods and services, from the hands of producers into the hands of final consumers. The business steps through which goods progress on their way to final consumers is the concern of marketing.

Consumer's Approach of Marketing

(b).   Discuss the concept of service and report on the reasons for the growth of the service sector.

Answer: REASONS FOR THE GROWTH OF SERVICES IN INDIA:

1. Economic affluence: One, of the key factors for the growth of demand for services is the economic affluence. According to the NCAER study the size of the middle income consumer is raising fast and the percentage of the very poor household’s declining. The rural households in the upper income category are growing at a much faster pace than the urban households in the corresponding categories. The Economic liberalization Process has had a positive impact on the Indian households. Their income as well as their expenditure has been pushed, creating a demand for many goods and services.

2. Changing Role of Women: Traditionally

2. (A). What are the various elements of marketing mix? Explain each of their elements and their importance in the marketing planning process of a consumer durable company manufacturing room air conditioner. 

Answer:  Marketing Mix - A mixture of several ideas and plans followed by a marketing representative to promote a particular product or brand is called marketing mix. Several concepts and ideas combined together to formulate final strategies helpful in making a brand popular amongst the masses form marketing mix.

Elements of Marketing Mix

(b). Discuss the procedure of conducting marketing research in the Indian Context.

Answer : India Market Research provides an idea of the business and the consumer market pattern. They pave the way to economic and business development and help to generate profit for the country. An extensive Market Research in India takes care of all the queries of the marketers - giving them the required information for a smooth marketing journey. Market research involves giving insight to all the

3. (A). Who is a consumer? Define consumer behavior and discuss why a knowledge of   consumer behavior in essential for Marketers.

Answer:A ‘consumer’ is defined as a person who buys goods or avails services against payment.Goods may include consumable goods (like wheat flour, salt, sugar, fruits, etc.) or durable consumer goods (like television, refrigerator, toaster, mixer, bicycle, etc.). Services that are paid for may include electricity, telephone, transport, theatre/cinema, postal/courier,etc.

Consumer Behavior :

The term consumer behavior is defined as the behavior that consumer display in searching for purchasing, using, evaluating and disposing of  product and services that they expect will satisfy their needs. Consumer  behavior focuses on how

4. (A).What do you understand by the term Marketing Communication and its role in   the promotion of a firm’s product or service. Discuss with two suitable examples one choosing from FMCG & other from a service offering.

Answer: Marketing communications is essentially a part of the marketing mix. The marketing mix defines the 4Ps of marketing and Promotion is what marketing communications is all about. It is the message your organization is going to convey to your market. You need to be very particular about different messages you are going to

 (b).Discuss the importance and relevance of sales and distribution function in a manufacturing and marketing organization of your choice.

Answer: The primary purpose of any channel of distribution is to bridge the gap between the producer of a product and the user of it, whether the parties are located in the same community or in different countries thousands of miles apart. The channel of distribution is defined as the most efficient and effective manner in which to place a product into the hands of the customer. The channel is composed of different institutions that facilitate the

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MS-09 Managerial Economics

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ASSIGNMENT

Course Code:MS-09

Course Title:Managerial Economics

1. Explain the discounting principle. Using the discounting principle calculate the present value of an annuity of five years at Rs. 500 payments made at the end of each of the next five years at 10% interest.

Answer: You use discounting principles to determine the value of something in the future, compared to its present day value. The reasoning behind the discounting principle is that an amount of money you have in your hands today is worth more than money you have the potential for having at some future time. You would rather have $100 today than wait until tomorrow for the same amount of money.

Discounting Principle Defined

The discounting principle requires you to look at the

2. With reference to the marketing approach of demand measurement explain any two important sources of data used in demand forecasting.

Answer: The first question which arises is, what is the difference between demand estimation and demand forecasting? The answer is that estimation attempts to quantify the links between the level of demand and the variables which determine it. Forecasting, on the other hand, attempts to predict the overall level of future demand rather than looking at specific linkages. For this reason the set of techniques used may differ, although there will be some overlap  between the two. In general, an estimation technique can be used to forecast demand but a forecasting technique cannot be used to estimate demand. A manager who wishes to know how high demand is likely to be in two years’ time might use a forecasting technique. A manager who

3. How are Isoquants different from Isocost? Illustrate using graphs.

Answer: isoquant

In economics, an isoquant (derived from quantity and the Greek word is, meaning equal) is a contour line drawn through the set of points at which the same quantity of output is produced while changing the quantities of two or more inputs. While an indifference curve mapping helps to solve the utility-maximizing problem of consumers, the is quant mapping deals with the cost-minimization problem of producers. Isoquants are typically drawn on capital-labor graphs, showing the technological tradeoff between capital and labor in the production

4 An analytical tool frequently employed by managerial economists is the break even chart, an important application of cost functions.” Discuss this statement giving examples from any firm.

Answer: An analytical tool frequently employed by managerial economists is the breakeven chart, an important application of cost functions. The breakeven chart illustrates at what level of output in the short run, the total revenue just covers total costs. Generally, a breakeven chart assumes that the firm’s average variable costs are constant in the relevant output range; hence, the firm’s total cost function is assumed to be a straight line. Since variable cost is constant, the marginal cost is also constant and equals to average variable cost.

5.Describe how oligopolistic competition exists in the real world giving examples from FMCG Companies.

Answer : OLIGOPOLY:

A market structure characterized by a small number of large firms that dominate the market, selling either identical or differentiated products, with significant barriers to entry into the industry. This is one of four basic market structures. The other three are perfect competition, monopoly, and monopolistic competition. Oligopoly dominates the

6. (A) Product Differentiation, 

Answer: Today, many companies offer the same products and services. It may seem pointless to try to compete in an environment in which numerous other companies are already offering the same product or service you wish to sell. However, new companies often do come into the market place and successfully sell products and services that already existed in that market place. They are able to compete because they use product differentiation.

 (b)  Equi - Marginal Principle  and

Answer : The Equimarginal Principle in Economics states that different courses of action should be pursued up to the point where all the courses give equal marginal benefit per unit of cost. It claims that a rational decision-maker would certainly allocate or hire resources in a fashion that the ratio of marginal returns and marginal costs of various uses of a provided resource or of various resources in a given use is the same.

Economist H. H. Gossen posited the two basic laws of utility, the Equi-marginal Principle and the Law of Diminishing marginal returns. Gossen’s

c)      The Price Elasticity of Demand

The Price Elasticity of Demand (commonly known as just price elasticity) measures the rate of response of quantity demanded due to a price change. The formula for the Price Elasticity of Demand (PEoD) is:

PEoD = (% Change in Quantity Demanded)/(% Change in Price)

Ø  Calculating the Price Elasticity of Demand

You may be asked the question "Given

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MS-65 Marketing of Services

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ASSIGNMENT

Course Code: MS-65

Course Title: Marketing of Services

1. Assume you are a team member of the marketing research department of a low cost domestic airline. Your manager has asked you to evaluate the service quality of the airline. How would you go about It.? What service quality dimensions would you use to evaluate the same?

Answer: Service providers want to know what customers (internal or external) care about. Service quality is a good guess. Price, and to a minor degree product quality, also count.

But for service providers, customers care most about service quality. Check the research. Statistically valid research. Of course, providers can always ask customers. But lacking the money, time and skills, why not look to the leading research for that

2. Explain the importance of physical evidence and word of mouth communication for a health service provider.

Answer:  PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

It does play an important role in health care services, as the core benefit a customer seeksis proper diagnosis and cure of the problem. For a local small time dispensary or hospital physical evidence may not be of much help. In recent days some major super specialty hospitals are using physical evidence for distinguishing itself as something unique. Physical evidence can be in the form of smart buildings, logos, mascots etc. a smart building infrastructure indicates that the hospital can take care of all the needs of the patient. Examples: -1.Lilavati hospital has got a smart building, which helps, in developing in the minds of the people, the impression that it is

3.Explain the role of non-monetary costs in pricing of services taking example of any service industry.

Answer:In recent years economists have recognized that monetary price is not the only sacrifice consumers make to obtain products and services. Demand, therefore, is not just a function of monetary price but is influenced by other costs as well. On-monetary costs represent other sources of sacrifice perceived by consumers when buying and using a service. Time costs, search costs, and psychological costs often enter into the evaluation of whether to buy or rebuy a service, and may at times be more important concerns than monetary price.

4. Being the marketing manager of a leading domestic tours and travels company of your country, discuss what kind of demand and supply challenges you may face.  How would you overcome those challenges? Explain

Answer: Travel Management Companies (TMCs) face a host of challenges in today’s dynamically changing priorities of customers and suppliers. Price elasticity is leading to an all-time low customer loyalty; increased customer expectations is leading to the commoditization of travel; multiple channels to reach customers directly is making TMCs

5.Assume you are the marketing manager of a company manufacturing fully automatic washing machines. What product support services would you provide to the customer to have competitive advantage?

Answer: One of the most controversial subjects I hear raised between Entrepreneurs and Investors is the use of Professional Services in a product company. Why ?

Because both sides of the argument are right for why you should or should not consider the use of Professional Services (PS) in your Go To Market (GTM) Strategy. But there’s no reason to be afraid of employing a services model in your startup. If

6. Explain the service marketing mix by taking example of educational services.

Answer: The service marketing mix is also known as an extended marketing mix and is an integral part of a service blueprint design. The service marketing mix consists of 7 P’s as compared to the 4 P’s of a product marketing mix. Simply said, the service marketing mix assumes the service as a product itself. However it adds 3 more P’s which are required for optimum service delivery.

The product marketing mix consists of the 4 P’s which are Product, Pricing, Promotions and Placement. These are discussed in my article on product marketing mix – the 4 P’s.

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MS-66 Marketing Research

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ASSIGNMENT

Course Code: MS-66

Course Title:Marketing Research

1. (A) As a Researches, you have been assigned a primary research project to be undertaken. Discuss the research process that you would adopt to complete the given task.

Answer:Primary research is any type of research that you go out and collect yourself. Examples include surveys, interviews, observations, and ethnographic research. A good researcher knows how to use both primary and secondary sources in her writing and to integrate them in a cohesive fashion. Conducting primary research is a useful skill to acquire as it can greatly supplement your research in secondary sources, such as journals, magazines, or books. You can also use it as the focus of your writing project. Primary research is an excellent skill to learn as it can be useful in a variety of settings including business, personal, and academic.

When you are working on a local problem that may not have been addressed before and little research is there to back it up.Example: you are conducting research on a proposed smoking ban in Lafayette, IN. Little information has been published about

2.(a). What is data? Discuss the various types of data and their sources available to the   researcher. Evaluate each of their sources in terms of their merits, demerits and limitations.

Answer: Data—the integrated system for collecting, cleaning, storing, monitoring, reviewing, and reporting on registry data—determines the utility of the data for meeting the goals of the registry. Quality assurance, on the other hand, aims to assure that the data were, in fact, collected in accordance with these procedures and that the data stored in the registry database meet the requisite standards of quality, which are generally defined based on the intended purposes. In this chapter, the term registry coordinating activities is used to refer to the centralized procedures performed for a registry and the term registry coordinating center refers to the

(b). Discuss the importance of developing a questionnaire in a research project. What are the do and don’t that should be considered while designing the questionnaire.

Answer: A questionnaire can be a useful tool for gathering information. It can be used for survey research, gathering data or testing a hypothesis. For a questionnaire to be effective and give you the information you are looking for, you will need to design a survey that is easy to understand and easy to complete. Here are some tips to follow when you want to know how to develop a questionnaire for research.

Importance of developing a questionnaire in a research project

The advantages of questionnaires

3. (A) Elaborate on Qualitative Vs. Quantitative research approaches. Explain any two methods of conducting Qualitative research and their limitations. 

Answer: Quantitative and qualitative research each has distinctly different goals. As such, it is to be expected that each method of research will have its own distinct characteristics that are not found in the other. This paper will analyse some of those characteristics and discuss how and why they are unique to either quantitative or qualitative research.

Qualitative research, most often used in the social sciences, is used to answer the how and why of things. The nature of this research does not lend itself to statistical analysis, nor are the results easily measured. Qualitative researchers require

(b) Why and when multi-dimensional scaling technique can be applied in marketing research? Discuss.

Answer: Multidimensional scaling (MDS) can be considered to be an alternative to factor analysis. In general, the goal of the analysis is to detect meaningful underlying dimensions that allow the researcher to explain observed similarities or dissimilarities between the investigated objects. In factor analysis, the similarities between objects (e.g. variables) are expressed in the correlation matrix. With MDS one may analysis any kind of similarity or dissimilarity matrix, in addition to correlation matrices.

This outcome is visual in a 2 dimensional map,

4.   (A) What is conjoint analysis? Explain its application in marketing Research.

Answer: Conjoint analysis is a set of market research techniques that measures the value the market places on each feature of your product and predicts the value of any combination of features. Conjoint analysis is, at its essence, all about features and trade-offs. With conjoint analysis, you:

1.       Ask questions that force respondents to make trade-offs among features

2.       Determine the value they place on each feature based on the trade-offs they make

3.       Simulate how the market reacts to various

(b) What are the different types of probability sampling methods? Explain with the help of suitable examples.

Answer: Probability Sampling-

A probability sampling method is any method of sampling that utilizes some form of random selection. In order to have a random selection method, you must set up some process or procedure that assures that the different units in your population have equal probabilities of being chosen. Humans have long practiced various forms of random selection, such as picking a name out of a hat, or choosing the short straw. These days, we tend to use computers as the mechanism for generating random numbers as the basis for random selection.

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MS - 45 International Financial Management

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ASSIGNMENT

Course Code                      :               MS - 45

Course Title                       :               International Financial Management   

Assignment Code            :               MS-45/SEM - II /2013

Coverage                             :               All Blocks

Note:  Attempt all the questions and submit this assignment on or before 31st October, 2013 to   the coordinator of your study centre.

1.Explain in detail how the financial architecture has evolved over a period of time.

Answer :  In 1990s, In response to major financial crises, the international community embarked on a range of initiatives to help prevent crises and to manage them in the event that they nevertheless occur. This framework was referred to as the International Financial Architecture (IFA).

International Financial Architecture (IFA) is a financial system consisting of institutions and regulators that act on the international level,

2.What are international financial flows? Explain the structure of the balance of payments and discuss the basic principles governing recording of the flows.

Answer : International financial flows refers to the movement of money with the intention of investment, trade or business production. Changes in global politics and in technology have resulted in a mind blowing growth of international financial flows.

International Capital Flows (Financial flows) means the inflow and outflow of capital from one nation to another nation.

The balance of payments measures all flows of money between the UK and the rest of the world. The current account records the movements of all goods and services into and out of the UK. The capital account measures all capital flows

3.Explain in detail the Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and the Interest Rate Parity (IPR)

Answer : What is Purchasing Power Parity?

Purchasing power parity (PPP) is a theory which states that exchange rates between currencies are in equilibrium when their purchasing power is the same in each of the two countries. This means that the exchange rate between two countries should equal the ratio of the two countries' price level of a fixed basket of goods and services. When a country's domestic price level is increasing (i.e., a country experiences inflation), that country's exchange rate must depreciated in order to return to PPP.

The basis for PPP is the "law of one price". In the absence of transportation and other transaction costs, competitive markets will equalize the

4.Why is cost of capital different across countries?

Answer : The cost of capital in a country is a key variable determining that country ability to compete    for internationally mobile capital. It sets the level of investment in the economy and is thus a central factor in the determination of real wages and economic growth. In the United States, at least, the allegedly high cost of capital is often blamed for the slow rate of growth of productivity and the perceived loss of international competitiveness. The same concerns are expressed in Canada, along with a host of additional factors. Among them are that tax changes in the U.S., if not matched by changes in Canada, can have adverse impacts on the

5.What are the factors responsible for the recent surge in international portfolio investment?

Answer : The recent surge in international portfolio investments reflects the globalization of financial

markets. Specifically, many countries have liberalized and deregulated their capital and foreign exchange markets in recent years. In addition, commercial and investment banks have facilitated international investments by introducing such products as American Depository Receipts (ADRs) and country funds. Also, recent advancements in computer and telecommunication technologies led to a major reduction in transaction and information costs associated with international investments. In addition, investors might have become more aware of the potential gains from international investments.

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