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ASSIGNMENT
Course
Code:MS-09
Course Title:Managerial Economics
1. Explain the discounting principle.
Using the discounting principle calculate the present value of an annuity of
five years at Rs. 500 payments made at the end of each of the next five years
at 10% interest.
Answer: You use discounting principles to determine the value of
something in the future, compared to its present day value. The reasoning
behind the discounting principle is that an amount of money you have in your
hands today is worth more than money you have the potential for having at some
future time. You would rather have $100 today than wait until tomorrow for the
same amount of money.
Discounting Principle Defined
The discounting principle requires you to look at the
2. With reference to the marketing
approach of demand measurement explain any two important sources of data used
in demand forecasting.
Answer: The
first question which arises is, what is the difference between demand
estimation and demand forecasting? The answer is that estimation attempts to
quantify the links between the level of demand and the variables which
determine it. Forecasting, on the other hand, attempts to predict the overall
level of future demand rather than looking at specific linkages. For this
reason the set of techniques used may differ, although there will be some
overlap between the two. In general, an
estimation technique can be used to forecast demand but a forecasting technique
cannot be used to estimate demand. A manager who wishes to know how high demand
is likely to be in two years’ time might use a forecasting technique. A manager
who
3. How are Isoquants different from Isocost?
Illustrate using graphs.
Answer: isoquant
In economics, an isoquant
(derived from quantity and the Greek word is, meaning equal) is a contour line
drawn through the set of points at which the same quantity of output is
produced while changing the quantities of two or more inputs. While an
indifference curve mapping helps to solve the utility-maximizing problem of
consumers, the is quant mapping deals with the cost-minimization problem of
producers. Isoquants are typically drawn on capital-labor graphs, showing the
technological tradeoff between capital and labor in the production
4 An analytical tool frequently employed by managerial economists
is the break even chart, an important application of cost functions.” Discuss
this statement giving examples from any firm.
Answer: An analytical tool frequently employed by
managerial economists is the breakeven chart, an important application of cost
functions. The breakeven chart illustrates at what level of output in the
short run, the total revenue just covers total costs. Generally, a breakeven
chart assumes that the firm’s average variable costs are constant in the
relevant output range; hence, the firm’s total cost function is assumed to be a
straight line. Since variable cost is constant, the marginal cost is also constant
and equals to average variable cost.
5.Describe how
oligopolistic competition exists in the real world giving examples from FMCG
Companies.
Answer : OLIGOPOLY:
A market structure characterized
by a small number of large firms that dominate the market, selling either
identical or differentiated products, with significant barriers to entry into
the industry. This is one of four basic market structures. The other three are
perfect competition, monopoly, and monopolistic competition. Oligopoly dominates
the
6. (A) Product Differentiation,
Answer: Today, many companies offer the same products and services. It may
seem pointless to try to compete in an environment in which numerous other
companies are already offering the same product or service you wish to sell.
However, new companies often do come into the market place and successfully
sell products and services that already existed in that market place. They are
able to compete because they use product differentiation.
(b) Equi - Marginal Principle and
Answer : The
Equimarginal Principle in Economics states that different courses of action
should be pursued up to the point where all the courses give equal marginal
benefit per unit of cost. It claims that a rational decision-maker would
certainly allocate or hire resources in a fashion that the ratio of marginal
returns and marginal costs of various uses of a provided resource or of various
resources in a given use is the same.
Economist H. H. Gossen posited the two basic
laws of utility, the Equi-marginal Principle and the Law of Diminishing marginal
returns. Gossen’s
c) The Price Elasticity of Demand
The Price
Elasticity of Demand (commonly known as just price elasticity) measures the
rate of response of quantity demanded due to a price change. The formula for
the Price Elasticity of Demand (PEoD) is:
PEoD = (% Change
in Quantity Demanded)/(% Change in Price)
Ø
Calculating the Price Elasticity of Demand
You may be asked
the question "Given
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